ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช: ืžืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืœื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื• ื—ืฉืžืœ

ื‘ืงืฆืจื”

  • ื‘1700 ืž' ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื“ื•ืจืžื™ืœื•ื•ืก (ืืœืืคื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื) ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืงืจื™ื ืก : ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืœืœื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืœืœื ืจื›ื‘.
  • ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจืง ื‘ืจื’ืœ : ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, 45 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื (ืžืคืœื™ื, ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช) ืื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ (ื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืืก).
  • ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ : ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืขืจื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื ืกืืœื™ื, ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื’ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™.
  • ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ (1930โ€“1938) ืฉื  abandoned : ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืจื‘ ื ื’ื“ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
  • ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืฉืจื™ื : ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื ื•ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ืื“ื ืื• ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ 1 ืขื“ 2 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืžื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื‘ื“.
  • ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจืฉืช : ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื, ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื’ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ.
  • ื›ืคืจ-ืžื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื“ื•ืื™ : ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ (1758, ื”ืคืš ืœืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ ื‘1808) ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ.
  • ื›ืืŸ, ืคึถืœึดื™ืงืก ื ืฃ ื”ืงื™ื ื‘-1826 ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”.
  • ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื : ื”ืื ืคืœื•ืก ืœืžื˜ื”, ืจื•ืžืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” (1777 ืž'), ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื” ืžื™ืฉืœืŸ, ืคืจื-ื‘ืจื ื•ื, ื”ืกืงืœื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ืจ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™.
  • ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง : ืง camping ืืกื•ืจ, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื โ€” ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืžืจื”, ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ.

ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืงืจื™ื ืก, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 1700 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื›ืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21: ื“ื•ืจืžื™ืœื•ื•ืก. ื›ืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืจื’ืœ: ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื”ื›ืคืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื”ืžื•ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉ, ื ื—ืœ ื•ืฉืงื˜ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™. ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื, ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช: ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืฉืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.

ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืงืจื™ื ืก, ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืคืจ ื—ืจืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 1700 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื ืขืฆืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง, ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื. ื“ื•ืจืžื™ืœื•ื•ืก, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืืžืฅ : ืžืื– ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ืขื ืฆื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ. ื‘ืœื™ ืจืฉืช ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื•, ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ื•ืื™ ื•ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงืœื˜ ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืชื•ืก. ื”ื ื” ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืžืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฆื— ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง.

ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจืžื™ืœื•ื•ืก, ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืคืจื™ืกื™ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ืจ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ืฉื”. ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื• ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฆืœืฆื•ืœื™ื, ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื•ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืžืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื™ื“. ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื” – ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืขืžื“ – ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืืจ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช (ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช).

ืœืœื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืจ : ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื•, ืžื”ืžืจื” ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ, ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื›ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ: ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืื˜, ืืš ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืœื‘.

ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ื•ืจืžื™ืœื•ื•ืก ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ื

<pื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ืื ื• ื—ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืžืง ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืกื™ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื›45 ื“ืงื•ืช. ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ื›ื. ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ื, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืืจืง, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืžืคืœ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืงื• ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ืงื˜ืŸ. ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืก: ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืžืฉืœื—ืช

ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืžืชืจืงืžืช. ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืขืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘, 200 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ืกืืœื™ื. ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื˜ืื‘ื• โ€” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžื“ื™ ืœืžืคื•ืœื•ืช โ€” ื•ืจืง ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื”. ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืจื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœืžืคื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืกื•ืœื—ื™ื.

ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจืฉืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 1700 ืžื˜ืจื™ื

ื‘ื“ื•ืจืžื™ืœื•ื•ืก, ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”"ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช" ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื ื•ืŸ โ€” ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื•ืš-ื•ืฉื•ื‘ โ€” ื•ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ืื“ื (ืื• ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—). ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื ื• ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ํ—ฌื™ืงื•ืคื˜ืจ ืื—ืช ืขื“ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืช, ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื, ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช. ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืขื’ืœื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ: ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.

ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช. ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ืช โ€” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ื“ ื”ื˜ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืคืœื•ืก โ€” ืžื“ืœื™ืงื” ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ. ื›ืืŸ, ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืกืœื•ื’ืŸ, ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืื ืงืœืื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืจ

ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจืžื™ืœื•ื•ืก ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื•ื•ื“ื•ืื™, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœื“ื• ื”ืžื•ืจืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ืžืฆืื• ื›ืืŸ ืžืงืœื˜ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1488, 600 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืืžื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžืฉื. ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื‘ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืืœื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกืขืจื”.

ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘. ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1758 ื›ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื™ืง: ืืฃ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชื ืฆืจ, ื•ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืชืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1808, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงืฆื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™. ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ื” ืคึถืœึดื™ืงืก ื ืฃ ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘1826 ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช โ€” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืฉืคืœืช ื”ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” โ€” ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ื ื”.

ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื (ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืš)

ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืชื—ืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืชื— ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930, ื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938. ื›ืžื” ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืขื“ ืœื” ืžืžื‘ืจื™ื™ืจ, ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืคืœ… ื•ืื– ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืงืฉืชื”. ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืœื–ืขื•ื ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื•.

ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื”: ืžื›ืžืขื˜ 300 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19, ื”ื›ืคืจ ื ืคืœ ืœ-62 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1901 ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœ-35 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935. ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืœืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื™ื™ืจื“), ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืฉืจื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70, ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื ืคื”. ื”ื”ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื•.

ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื… ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื’ื‘ื•ื”

ื”ื›ืคืจ ืžืชืคืจืก ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืฃ : ื”ืื ืคืœื•ืก ืœืžื˜ื”, ืจื•ืžืื ืก ืœืžืขืœื”, ื‘ืขืจืš 1777 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื” ืžื™ืฉืœืŸ, ืคืจื-ื‘ืจื ื•ื ื•ื”ื”ืกืงืœื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื”: ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืœื•ืช, 500 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”, ืฉื•ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืกืงืœื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืจ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืชืžื™ื“.

ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืงืจื™ื ืก ืฉื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืชืจ : ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ืืกื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืืกื•ืจ, ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื”. ืžืฉืžืขืช ืฉืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืžืงื•ืโ€ฆ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ืืš ื–ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื”, ืคืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื

ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื?

ื ืขืœื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขื ืกื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกื•ืช, ืžืขื™ืœ ืจื•ื—, ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฆื•ืขืจื™ื, DVA, ืžื’ืจืคื”, ืกื•ื ื“ื” ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ืขื ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ. ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื”: ืงืœ, ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื—ื–ืง. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช: ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆืœืžื” ืœืงื—ืช.

ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื“ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ฆ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช

ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืžืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื— ื—ืœื•ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื–ืืช ืžืจืืฉ: ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘, ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืœืงื—ืช ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืงืจื”, ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืœื•ื•ื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื”ืฉืงืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ: ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื–ืžืŸ?

ืื ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื›ื, ืืชื ื’ื ืชืื”ื‘ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืคื˜ืคื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืืŸ: ื›ืคืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกืจืœืื˜. ืคื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ืช.

ื•ืื ื”ื—ืฉืง ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืžืฆื™ืง ืœืš

ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—. ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืจืกืŸ: ืื ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืคืจื ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช, ืชื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื” ื›ืืŸ: ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื”. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืืชื’ืจ: ืœื”ืชืคืœื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื•ืก.

ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช: ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ

ื‘ื“ื•ืจืžื™ืœื•ื•ืก, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ืจื‘ ื ื’ื“ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืขืจื•ืช: ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”. ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืขืฉื ื™, ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ : ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืจืžื™ืœื•ื•ืก

ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” (ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคื—ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืคืœ ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืœื”, ืื• ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืืก), ื›45 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื”. ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื—ื•ื ื™ื 200 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื ืกืืœื™ื, ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืขืจื™ื, ื”ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคื—ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ืฃ. ืฉืืœื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื’, ื•ืฉืื ืฆืจื™ืš, ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขื ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ ืžื”ื”ืจ. ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช โ€” ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื–ื–.

Aventurier Globetrotteur
Aventurier Globetrotteur
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