ื“ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ 3: ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”

ื”ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื™ 3: ื”ื’ืžืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืš ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ืžืกืœื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ื’ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืœืงืœื™ืจ ื•ืขื“ ืงืกื ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืืžืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื–ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืคืืจืง ื•ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื“ื™ืœื™ ืืจืงื™ื™ื“, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืกื˜-ื’'ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืœืœื ืกืคื•ื™ืœืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืก, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืจื™ืฆ'ืžื•ื ื“ ื•ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ื‘ืงืคื” 45 ื’'ืจืžื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืกืงื•ืจืก ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืจื™ื˜ื•ื˜.

ื“ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื™ 3: ื”ื’ืžืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ืคืืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš, ืืš ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ืžื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืœืงืœื™ืจ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืงืฉื™ื™ืจ, ืžืกืคืจ ืืชืจื™ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื“ืœืชื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืชื›ื, ืœืœื ืกืคื•ื™ืœืจื™ื, ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืง ื–ื”, ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืขื” "ืกื˜-ื’'ื˜ื™ื ื’" ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.

ื”ืกืื’ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ื”ื“ื™ื: ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื•ืช, ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืกื˜-ื’'ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.

ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช, ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืชืขืฆืจื• ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ืœืกืจื˜, ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืชื’ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืชื™ืง (ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™) ืžื”ืคiction. ื”ื–ืžื ื”, ืฉืขื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš.

ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”

ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-100 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื”ื›ืคืจ ืžืคืจืก ืืช ื ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงืจืื•ืœื™ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื. ื›ืืŸ, ืฆืœืœื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช.

ื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืœืงืœื™ืจ, ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช-ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ

ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ุฏูˆู† ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืœืงืœื™ืจ, ื˜ื™ืจื” ื ื™ืื•-ื’'ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš. ื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืคืืจืง ืฉืœื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž2000 ื“ื•ื ื, envelops ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช (ืžื˜ืงืก ืชื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ื•ืขื“ ืคื™ืงื ื™ืง ื‘ื’ื ื™ื). ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”.

ื‘ืืžืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื’ืœื™ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ

ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“, ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืืžืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื›ืคืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื™ืจื”. ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืกื ื˜ ืžืจื™ (ืฉืฉืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืœืกื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจื”) ืื™ืจื—ื” ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื˜ืงืกื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื”ืงื•ื˜ื’'ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘' ืงืจืื•ืœื™. ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื’ืœื™ืจ, ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ (1889). ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ.

ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืก, ื”ืกื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืฃ

ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”: ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืก ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ืœืคื™ื˜ืจืกืคื™ืœื“ ื”ืื•ืก ื•ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ืœืกืฆื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืฃ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืง. ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ืืงื™ื ื’ื”ืžืฉื™ื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืคืœืื“ื™ืื ื™ืช, ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืคื ื™ื ืจื•ืงื•ืงื• ื•ืื•ืœื ื ืฉืคื™ื ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื•ื•ืœืกื”. ืคืชื•ื— ืžืืคืจื™ืœ ืขื“ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืจื ื™, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื›ืืŸ ืžืื– ื”ืžืื” ื”-15.

ื‘ืื–ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืคืืจืง, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ… ื‘ื›ืคืจ

ื‘ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”, ื’ืจื ืชื ื”ืื•ืก ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืื–ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืคืืจืง, ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ืื•ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื‘ื‘ืจืงืฉื™ื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ 1945, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืจื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ืจื™ืกื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ ืœื ืืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื˜ืจืืกื˜ ื‘-1978. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืืœื™ื, ื‘ืกืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืขืฅ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžืคืœื˜ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื.

ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ

ืžื˜ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืืจื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.

ืคื™ืงื“ื™ืœื™ ืืจืงื™ื™ื“, ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช

ืžืื– 1909, ืคื™ืงื“ื™ืœื™ ืืจืงื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืื ื“ ื›ืืจื™ื–ืช ืจืขื ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืคืจื™, ืกื ื“ืœืจื™ื ื•ืฉืขื ื™ื, ืžืกืคืง ืกืฆื ื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜. ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืžืจืชืงืช ื’ื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื•ื’ื ืืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื ื”. ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื’ื”.

ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืจื™ืฆ'ืžื•ื ื“, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”

ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘1899, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืจื™ืฆ'ืžื•ื ื“ ืžืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืกืžืœ ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืคืขื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ืื•ืœื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”, ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื: ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”, ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ื‘ืชืงืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื•ืช… ืžืกืข ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคืข.

ืงืคื” 45 ื’'ืจืžื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ื

ื‘ืœื‘ ืกื ื˜ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก, ืงืคื” 45 ื’'ืจืžื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืžืฆื™ืข ืžืจืคืกืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืจื™ ื•ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืช. ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืจื›ื”, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™, ืงืจื‘ื” ืœืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”: ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื ืžืฉื“ืจ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืื™ื“ืืœื™ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชื” ืื• ืฆืœื—ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช.

ื™ื•ืจืงืฉื™ื™ืจ

ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื”, ืฉื ื”ื›ืคืจ ืžืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืžื™ื ื“ืจืืžื˜ื™ื. ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืกืฆื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืจื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฅ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ืคื ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื.

ืจื™ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืกืงื•ืจืก, ื”ืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืขื™ื

ื”ื•ืงื ื‘1900, ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ื™ืคื•ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื”ืคืกื™ื, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืขื™ื ื•ื“ืฉื ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ, ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื—, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื™ืืœ ืืกืงื•ื˜. ื‘ืกืจื˜, ื–ื”ื• ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœืกืฆื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ.

ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ "ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืจื™ื˜ื•ื˜", ืคื ื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœ

ืœืกืฆื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืกืœื™, ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืจื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจ-ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžื™ื•ืจืงืฉื™ื™ืจ. ื”ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช 1930-1940 ื“ืจืš ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื, ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ื•ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื. ืงืคืกื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืชื ืชื™ ืฉืœื”.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืœืกื˜-ื’'ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื•ืฆืœื—

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืขื•ื ื” ื•ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืœืงืœื™ืจ, ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืก ืคืชื•ื— ืจืง ืžืืคืจื™ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืื–ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืคืืจืง ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื.

ืชื›ื ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืจืงืฉื™ื™ืจ, ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ืฉื™ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืืงื™ื ื’ื”ืžืฉื™ื™ืจ. ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืžืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ื›ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื: ื”ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืคืขืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื.

ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ื’ื“ ืงื•ื“ ืงืœ ืœืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’'ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื ืชื™ื™ื (ื•ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ื—ื•ืช). ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ืงื—ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื‘ืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืœ20 ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืคืกืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ; ื‘ืฆื“ ืกืคืจื“, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช 8 ืืชืจื™ื ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืคืกืคืก ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“. ืื ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœืœ ืืชื›ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืืชืจืช. ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ื‘ืื”? ื”ื ื” 5 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ืก. ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืจืžื– ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ืช, ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ืกื ื˜ื” ืžื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.

ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ "ื“ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืŸ" ื‘ืžืงื•ื: ืฉืœื•ื ืื ื’ืœื™, ืฆืขื“ ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืกืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืขื™ืŸ ืกืงืจื ื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ื‘ื“ืช. ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืชื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืฉืขืช ื”ื’ืžืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืืจืš ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืขืฅ.

Aventurier Globetrotteur
Aventurier Globetrotteur
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